Pungent traditional Chinese language medicines (TCMs) play a vital role in the clinical treatment of hepatobiliary disease, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, skin diseases and so on. expose a pungent flavored compound-target-pathway-organ network that clarifies mechanisms of pungent substances treating cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases by acting on the heart/liver organ. The systems pharmacology also suggests a novel systematic strategy for rational drug development from pungent TCMs in treating cardiovascular disease and associated liver RU-302 diseases. (Chinese name Chuanxiong), (Chinese name HongHua), (Chinese name DanShen), (Chinese name ChiShao), (Chinese name JiangHuang), (Chinese name JiangXiang), (Chinese name XiaoHuiXiang), (Chinese name DangGui), and ((Chinese name SanQi), etc. These BASR TCMs mainly exert therapeutic effects by improving cardiovascular activities [14,15]. They also have been widely applied routinely in clinical practice for treating coronary heart disease [10,12,15,16], cardio protection [17,18,19], anginapectoris [20,21], hypertension [22], and hyperlipidemia [23], etc. Chronic liver disease (CLD) is usually RU-302 a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and health care resource utilization worldwide [24]. From 1980 through 2010, mortality related to CLD increased by 46% worldwide [25]. WHO estimates that liver malignancy is responsible for around 47,000 deaths per year in Europe. Liver organ disease impacts middle-aged and teenagers, and with regards to many years of lifestyle lost (YLL), liver organ cirrhosis may be the 13th leading trigger globally, the 6th leading reason behind YLL in the created world, as well as the 8th leading trigger in Western European countries [25]. The occurrence and prevalence of cirrhosis and principal liver cancer are fundamental to understand the responsibility of liver organ disease [26]. Dangerous alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis C and B, and metabolic syndromes linked to over weight and obesity will be the leading factors behind cirrhosis and RU-302 principal liver cancer tumor RU-302 in European countries [27]. Obtainable data recommend the prevalence price of nonalcoholic fatty liver organ disease (NAFLD) is normally 2 to 44% in the overall European people (including obese kids) and 42.6 to 69.5% in people who have type 2 diabetes [27]. The hospitalized situations and mortality from alcoholic liver organ disease (ALD) are raising in Taiwan and world-wide. On the other hand, the Asia Pacific area also has a higher prevalence of hepatitis B trojan (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [27]. Persistent hepatitis B impacts 0.5 to 0.7% from the Euro population. Within the last 10 years, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis C was 0.13 to 3.26% [27]. nonalcoholic fatty liver organ disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis can result in advanced liver organ disease [28]. NAFLD is normally a common cause of chronic liver disease, and its worldwide prevalence continues to increase with the growing obesity epidemic [29]. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has a Rock2 potentially progressive course leading to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplantation [30,31]. The global epidemic of obesity has been accompanied by a rising burden of NAFLD, with manifestations ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, potentially developing into hepatocellular carcinoma [32]. NAFLD is a leading cause of end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation worldwide [33,34,35,36]. RU-302 The prevalence of NAFLD is definitely increasing at approximately the same rate as obesity. NASH and most importantly, fibrosis severity have been strongly implicated in the long-term prognosis of NAFLD individuals [37,38,39,40]. To make traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) serve people all over the world better and accelerate the encouraging TCM-based new drug development, it is necessary to bring the ancient practice of (TCM) into collection with modern requirements world [41,42,43,44,45,46], among which the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of TCM is one of the most important issues. Specifically, the material basis and the molecular mechanism of pungent flavor is not yet clear. In our recent research, we found that the pungent TCMs have the vastness of spices. Moreover, we would elucidate the material basis of pungent flavor based on the spicy compounds and the molecular mechanism of pungent flavor based on the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel family (Number 1). The pungent flavor profiles of pungent TCMs always have a fragrant smell and pungent taste (Table 1). Each pungent TCM consists of at least.